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Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts

August 30, 2016

NRL Plasma Formulary: Hard copies for free

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Maybe you are a plasma scientist and a lover of real books; not those e-books you have stored in your smartphone or laptop in that folder where several megabytes of .pdf files are waiting to be read (and you will probably never read). In that case let me inform you that you can obtain a hard copy of the NRL Plasma Formulary for free. You only need to fill some fields related to your job and position as well as your postal coordinates in the link below :

http://www.nrl.navy.mil/ppd/content/nrl-plasma-formulary

This formulary is one of the most complete I have seen (no matter if you work with cold or hot plasmas) and, in addition, comes in pocket size.


NRL : U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

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April 11, 2011

Star disintegration : A massive interstellar explosion near a black hole

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Little stars, be careful with the massive black holes...


Blast detected 3.8 billion light-years away on the center of a galaxy cataloged GRB 110328A. Astronomers say that this unusual explosion mark the destruction of a massive star wandered too close to its galaxy's central black hole.

More @ NASA

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March 16, 2011

A new more precisely measurement of the Hubble Constant

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Adam G. Riess and his team published their latest work where a new more precise measurement of the Hubble constant seems to confirm the fact that the expansion acceleration of the universe is due to Dark Energy. Indeed, the latest measure proposed by Riess and team, Ho = 73.8 ± 2.4 km s–1 Mpc–1, is completely inconsistent with the inhomogeneous matter models invoked to explain the apparent acceleration of the universe without Dark Energy.

The observation of this galaxy NGC 4258 was used to improve the accuracy of the Hubble Constant  - © NASA

New measures should be performed to confirm the Riess's results but already the measure proposed here has only a 3.3% of uncertainty.

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November 27, 2010

Check your brain with the ultimate intelligence test !

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Cambridge Brain Sciences, New Scientist and Discovery Channel conceived the 12 Pillars of Wisdom test : a series of 12 cognitive tasks that will test your planning, reasoning, working memory and attentional abilities to the limit.

Click here to begin test (~30 min)

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November 25, 2010

Antihydrogen: Trapped at CERN

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The concept of antimatter is not really new, it was predicted for the very first time in 1931 by Dirac. One year later, Carl D. Anderson discovered the positron. The antiproton was experimentally confirmed in 1955 by physicists Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain, and the antineutron was discovered in proton–proton collisions at Bevatron by Bruce Cork in 1956. We must wait almost 40 years for produce 9 antihydrogen atoms at CERN through the LEAR (Low Energy Antiproton Ring), where antiprotons (produced in a particle accelerator), were shot at xenon clusters. Unfortunately this experiment produce highly energetic/warm antihydrogen atoms, which were unsuitable for detailed study. In addition the probability for producing antihydrogen from one antiproton was only about 10−19, so the method was forgetted as an alternative to produce large amount of antihydrogen atoms.
Following the primary goal of produce "cold" (a few thousand kelvin) antihydrogen atoms, in 2002 and 2004, experiments were successfully carried out by the ATRAP and ATHENA collaborations at CERN. The last need, trapping magnetically and for a non negligible time the anti-atoms, was achieved by the ALPHA collaboration (also at CERN). In November 17th, the ALPHA team announced that they had magnetically trapped 38 antihydrogen atoms for at least 172 ms.

Untrapped antihydrogen atoms annihilating on the inner surface of the ALPHA trap. These are measured by the ALPHA annihilation detector. The events are concentrated at the electrode radius of about 22.3 mm. The coordinates are defined in the Nature article, Figure 1b

Even if ALPHA experiment is considered only as a proof of principle, it's clear that it will lead to more robust trapping techniques and set the bases for a new era of fundamental physics tests. Two major subjects should be studied : the gravitational behaviour of antimatter (indications are that gravity should act on antihydrogen just as it acts on hydrogen) and the matter-antimatter symmetry (according to fundamental physics theories, antihydrogen should have the same spectrum as ordinary hydrogen). Subjecting these kind of anti-atoms to rigorous spectroscopic examination would constitute a compelling, model-independent test of the charge conjugation/parity/time reversal (CPT) theorem. In order to be able for doing these studies, the goal of 100 anti-atoms trapped on a timescale of seconds shall be reached.
What's about antimatter real-world applications ? Even if the techniques for trapping magnetically the antihydrogen atoms seems to be identified, we are far far away of concrete applications. Actually, the efficiency of these methods is very weak (only 38 anti-atoms were cold enough and slow enough to be confined from the interaction of about 107 antiprotons and 7 x 108 positrons) and the incarceration time is very short. As said Cliff Surko, a physicist at the University of California, the harnessing of antimatter as an energy source remains a far-fetched idea. "The problem is that ... it takes so much more energy to make than you get out that it's pretty inefficient," he said. "And you have to go to great lengths to confine it for a long time." "Even if the efficiency of the trapping process is increased, it is fundamentally limited by the amount of antiprotons that can be generated. Therefore I do not see applications in terms of new energy sources or weapons." So Star Trek-style propulsion system shall be wait.

Animation of how antihydrogen is trapped (voice of Prof. Joels Fajans from UC Berkeley):

© ALPHA @ CERN

Trapped antihydrogen, by G. B. Andresen, M. D. Ashkezari, M. Baquero-Ruiz, and others. Nature Advanced Online Publication, November 17 (2010) (doi:10.1038/nature09610)
Trapped Antihydrogen

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November 14, 2010

Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey

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Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey est un film d'animation de science fiction qui raconte la histoire de Dave, un photon qui refuse de grandir et qui veut quitter son environnement natale : le soleil. Autre le fait de raconter d'une manière toute à fait originale une aventure spatiale depuis un point de vue subatomique, ce film met en valeur les images récupérées lors de 7 missions spatiales de la NASA et de l'ESA : Cassini-Huygens, SOHO, Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Venus Express et Mercury Messenger. Ce film a aussi la particularité d'être le premier dans son genre à avoir été lancé par la NASA (plus précisément le Jet Propulsion Laboratory) avec un réalisateur de film indépendant dans le but de créer un film d'animation de science fiction basé sur des missions, la science et la découverte. Si vous voyez ce film en VO vous ne serez pas déçu par la panoplie d'acteurs de renommé ayant participé à ce projet : Chris Pine (le capitaine Kirk dans le tout nouveau Star Trek) comme Dave, Samuel L. Jackson comme la Peur, Hayden Christensen (Anakin Skywalker dans les épisodes II et III de Star Wars) comme Jammer, James Earl Jones comme l'Amiral, William Shatner (le capitaine Kirk dans les anciens films de Star Trek) comme le Noyau, Brent Spiner (l'androïde Data dans la série Star Trek : The Next Generation) comme le Coach MacKey, Mark Hamill (Luke Skywalker dans la trilogie Star Wars) comme le Vide, ... Il y a même Neil Armstrong qui prête sa voix dans le rôle du Dr. Jack Morrow.

 

More @ QQtheMovie 

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A possible new sterile neutrino violates the "charge-parity symmetry" of the universe

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Recent results on the high-profile Fermilab physics experiment Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment, MiniBooNE, suggest the existence of a new elementary like-neutrino particle: a fourth flavor of neutrino. Scientists previously believed three flavors of neutrino exist, but researchers detected in MiniBooNE more oscillations than would be possible if there were only three flavors.This mean "that there are either new particles or forces we had not previously imagined," said Byron Roe, professor emeritus in the Department of Physics, and an author of the paper "Event Excess in the MiniBooNE Search for ν̅ μ→ν̅ e Oscillations". However this fourth flavor would not interact through the weak force, making it harder to find.

This possible new sterile neutrino is on the mouth of physicists and astronomers because it could possible help to understand the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe and why the universe is primarily composed of matter, rather than antimatter. Another non less important conclusion is that results seems to violate the "charge-parity symmetry" of the universe, and then the laws of physics could not be applied in the same ways to particles and their counterpart antiparticles.

Even if the results are statistically significant and confirm previously findings (see LSND experiment), the researchers caution that results over longer periods of time are necessary before any change of the actual standard model.



Full paper available hereafter :
Event Excess in the MiniBooNE Search for Vmu to Ve Oscillations

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October 13, 2010

Take a 3D ride on Mars

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Here after you'll find a 3D image of Melas Chasma, a part of the huge Valles Marineris rift valley, which stretches for more than 4000 km across the face of Mars. Image covers 200 x 100 km and covers an area of roughly 20 000 sq km, which is about the size of Slovenia.

Click on image for enlarge (resolution is approximately 23 m per pixel). An image in HI-RES TIFF (Size: 42 781 kb) is available here. You need stereoscopic glasses to see the 3D effect.

 Credits: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum)

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September 24, 2010

God is somewhere... The early universe as seen by Planck mission

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This is the first all-sky image of the universe delivered by the ESA’s Planck mission in July 2010. Image shows the ‘cosmic microwave background radiation’ (CMBR), that's the oldest light in the Universe, the remains of the fireball out of which our Universe sprang into existence 13.7 billion years ago. God is not so far.

Some familiar sky objects are indicated in following image :


How the image was built by the ESA's Planck : 




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August 17, 2010

Kelvin 2.0 by Stephen Baxter

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First time published on New Scientist Magazine (2009, september 19, issue number 2726).

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March 30, 2010

LHC : La chasse est ouverte...

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Genève, le 30 mars 2010. À 13h06, des faisceaux sont entrés en collision à une énergie de 7 TeV, donnant ainsi le coup d’envoi au programme de recherche du LHC. Dans le monde entier, des physiciens des particules se préparent à une moisson potentiellement riche de données de nouvelle physique ; le LHC entame en effet sa première longue période d'exploitation à une énergie trois fois et demie supérieure aux énergies atteintes précédemment dans un accélérateur de particules.

Source : CERN Press Release

Collision à 7 TeV au coeur du détecteur ATLAS, le 30 mars 2010. ©CERN


A la moitié de sa réelle capacité (14 TeV), suite à l’incident survenu le 19 septembre 2009, le LHC a commencé un cycle d'expériences qui devrait durer entre 18 et 24 mois. A l'ordre du jour :

  • avec ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) : Le LHC fera entrer en collision des ions plomb afin de recréer en laboratoire les conditions qui régnaient juste après le Big Bang. Les données obtenues permettront d’étudier l’évolution de la matière de la naissance de l’Univers à nos jours.
  • avec ATLAS et CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid (Solénoïde compact pour muons)) : Il s'agit des deux détecteurs polyvalents du LHC. La recherche du boson de Higgs, la recherche d'autres dimensions et la recherche de la matière noire sont ses objectifs.
  • avec LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) : Cette expérience explorera les différences entre matière et antimatière en étudiant un type de particule appelée « quark beauté » ou « quark b ». Le LHC recréera les instants juste après le Big Bang, pendant lesquels les paires de quarks b et d’antiquarks b auraient été produites. 

Bonne chasse !



Prochain chapitre à venir dans 2 ou 3 ans : La création de micro trous noirs... Espérons qu'ils seront assez micro pour ne pas engloutir la planète :-)


More info @ LHC-France

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March 10, 2010

Is Obama's space policy right?

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Buzz Aldrin, member of Apollo 11, the first U.S. manned walk on the Moon, supports the new space policy of President Obama. In the other hand, http://www.supportconstellation.com presents several facts and elements (see the FAQ) which justify the Project Constellation. As a result of bipartisan outcry against the proposed cancellation of Constellation, President Obama has called for a “space summit” to be held in Florida on April 15th, in hopes of building a consensus for space policy. Whatever space policy adopted, I hope we continue to look toward the stars, with ambition and courage... Mars is not so far away... but perhaps have to stop on the Moon passing is a necessary step.



Following article comes from The Wall Street Journal
(http://online.wsj.com):

February 25, 2010

Trading the Moon for Mars
Obama's NASA budget has our space priorities right.
By Buzz Aldrin 

In January, President Obama announced a new budget for NASA that would, newspaper headlines screamed, "Eliminate Funds for Manned Missions to the Moon." Instead, the budget proposes new missions in near-Earth orbit. It also directly challenges and empowers the private sector to push the envelope of human space travel, and implicitly puts America on track to perfect life support and other technologies that can be tested closer to home before embarking on more distant destinations in space.

Many said the president's decision was misguided, short-sighted and disappointing. Having the experience of walking on the moon's surface on the Apollo 11 mission, I think he made the right call.

If we follow the president's plan, our next destination in space, Mars, will be within our reach. Rich in potential resources—including water, an atmosphere, and oxygen in the soil—Mars invites human exploration and eventual habitation. But perfecting the technology necessary to succeed in our eventual journey is a wise first step. Empowering the private sector to carry crews and cargoes into orbit faster is a critical second step.

The new NASA budget makes sense for many important reasons. First, the president is signaling that this agency deserves the full support of this administration and Congress, even as priorities are sorted out and other budgets are cut. Second, getting long-range space flight right requires getting near-Earth orbit perfect. Third, forestalling the moon mission in favor of perfecting the technologies that will allow us to reach Mars within some defined period ahead is sound. We should not rush it and experience an avoidable tragedy.

Mars is the long-range objective for our space program. Just as deep sea exploration began with practice in our littoral waters, a successful Mars mission begins with near-Earth orbit testing. To get to the final stage, we must perfect all that we'll need for the journey. The president' budget and step-by-step approach helps do that, minimizing the risks and costs as we go.

The new direction that Mr. Obama has set in this budget is the kind of bold initiative we have needed for many years. Mankind must explore and America must lead—in all aspects of space exploration, not least manned space exploration. But we must be willing to embrace real vision and reach for Mars with the patience that leadership has always required.

As President John F. Kennedy said in his historic 1962 speech at Rice University, "We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills."

The same can now be said of missions for the permanent human settlement of Mars. Yes, there will be risks. But a great nation has always known the risks of exploration are far outweighed by the discoveries and better lives that exploration brings to our country. With this budget, the president is preparing us for a brighter American future in space. I believe he deserves our support.

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February 25, 2010

2012 : Will not be the end !!

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That's the very scientifical truth explained by Don Yeomans, a senior research scientist at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Yeomans heads a group charged by NASA to watch for objects whose orbits bring them close to Earth). I just relay the article published in november 2009 on the JPL blog's website.


There apparently is a great deal of interest in celestial bodies, and their locations and trajectories at the end of the calendar year 2012. Now, I for one love a good book or movie as much as the next guy. But the stuff flying around through cyberspace, TV and the movies is not based on science. There is even a fake NASA news release out there… So here is the scientific reality on the celestial happenings in the year 2012.

Nibiru, a purported large object headed toward Earth, simply put - does not exist. There is no credible evidence - telescopic or otherwise - for this object’s existence. There is also no evidence of any kind for its gravitational effects upon bodies in our solar system.

I do however like the name Nibiru. If I ever get a pet goldflish (and I just may do that sometime in early 2013), Nibiru will be at the top of my list.

The Mayan calendar does not end in December 2012. Just as the calendar you have on your kitchen wall does not cease to exist after December 31, the Mayan calendar does not cease to exist on December 21, 2012. This date is the end of the Mayan long-count period, but then – just as your calendar begins again on January 1 - another long-count period begins for the Mayan calendar.

There are no credible predictions for worrisome astronomical events in 2012. The activity of the sun is cyclical with a period of roughly 11 years and the time of the next solar maximum is predicted to occur about May 2013. However, the Earth routinely experiences these periods of increased solar activity – for eons - without worrisome effects. The Earth’s magnetic field, which deflects charged particles from the sun, does reverse polarity on time scales of about 400,000 years but there is no evidence that a reversal, which takes thousands of years to occur, will begin in 2012. Even if this several thousand year-long magnetic field reversal were to begin, that would not affect the Earth’s rotation nor would it affect the direction of the Earth’s rotation axis… only Superman can do that.

The only important gravitational tugs experienced by the Earth are due to the moon and sun. There are no planetary alignments in the next few decades, Earth will not cross the galactic plane in 2012, and even if these alignments were to occur, their effects on the Earth would be negligible. Each December the Earth and Sun align with the approximate center of the Milky Way Galaxy but that is an annual event of no consequence.

The predictions of doomsday or dramatic changes on December 21, 2012 are all false. Incorrect doomsday predictions have taken place several times in each of the past several centuries. Readers should bear in mind what Carl Sagan noted several years ago; “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.”

For any claims of disaster or dramatic changes in 2012, the burden of proof is on the people making these claims. Where is the science? Where is the evidence? There is none, and all the passionate, persistent and profitable assertions, whether they are made in books, movies, documentaries or over the Internet, cannot change that simple fact. There is no credible evidence for any of the assertions made in support of unusual events taking place in December 2012.

For more information on the silliness surrounding December 2012, see:

Wikipedia: look under “Nibiru collision.”

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January 29, 2009

Teleportation becomes a little more real…

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Ok, they (Monroe's research group at Joint Quantum Institute) didn’t teleported captain Kirk or Spock, but quantum information of ions, and they did it over 1 meter!! A major implication for future quantum computation and quantum communication... and maybe more if we broke some technological barriers.


As indicated in paper “Quantum Teleportation Between Distant Matter Qubits” [1], Christopher Monroe and his team of the Joint Quantum Institute (JQI) in Maryland, reported the teleportation of quantum information between atomic quantum memories separated by 1 meter. A quantum bit (qubit) stored in a single trapped ytterbium ion (Yb+) is teleported to a second Yb+ atom with a measured average teleportation fidelity of 90% +/- 2% over a replete set of states. The teleportation protocol is based on the heralded entanglement of the atoms through interference and detection of photons emitted from each atom and guided through optical fibers.

Let me reminds you some basic concepts in order to continue.

What’s a Qubit? Just as a bit is a basic unit of information in the digital world, a qubit is a unit of information in the quantum world. You know very well that a bit ca be either a 0 or a 1. Qubit can be both 0 and 1 at he same time (superposition property).

© www.spectrum.ieee.org


What’s about quantum entanglement? Quantum entanglement is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which the quantum states of two or more quantum particles (photons of light or atoms, for example) are linked together so that one object can no longer be adequately described without full mention of its counterpart (even though the individual objects may be spatially separated). You can then separate them as far as you like, and a change in one is instantly reflected in the other.

In the Monroe's experience, two ytterbium ions were trapped in two different cavities separated 1 meter away. The first has a qubit of information and then, thanks to a laser pulse, it was entangled with the second ion present in the other remote ion trap.

Looking at the first ion, a superposition state is destroyed, causing the emission of a photon which can have two possible states of energy. The information carried by the first ion is then destroyed, but because of the entanglement of this ion with the second, the status of the second ion is changed in order to registers the information found in the first ion.

Depending on the photon energy emitted by the first ion, we know what kind of operations can be subjected to the second one to return information about the first ion. The researchers found that there had been teleportation of quantum state of the ion on the first second.

A similar experiment was already conducted in 2004 with ions but teleportation had been made on microscopic distances. Teleportation of quantum states had already been implemented, too many years ago, over long distances but with photons. It is therefore the first time a teleportation of quantum states with the matter on macroscopic distances has been conducted.

If we talk about the applications of entanglement and quantum teleportation, we could imagine (1) teleporting quantum information instantaneously at any distance (quantum communication faster than light), (2) to achieve the exponential processing speed-up promised by quantum computation, (3) to conceive unbreakable encryption.

You noted that I didn't mentioned the quantum teleportation of non living objects or living beings. The quantum teleportation has been done for microscopic distances with large molecules, similar in size to a bacterium, so it’s possible that we could teleport something living. Someones says that it won’t work with something as big as a person. You would have to scan every single molecule in the body and reassemble at the other end, which doesn’t look like it’s every going to be practical [3].

Factually, the teleportation as we know popularly from Star Trek will not be possible (at least in the short run). Teleportating a human being would require an enormous calculation capacity: in a human body of 70 kg there're ~7 x 10^27 atoms, that's seven billion billion billion atoms, that's a 7 followed by 27 zeros! [4]. Today's fastest parallel computing operations are capable of teraflop speeds (as the computer used for lattice QCD computations). So for a computer that can handle 200 teraflops (that's 1 x 10^12 operations per second) to simply pass this much information would require a little more than 1 million years (1109843 years). Another problem, storing and retrieving data : assuming that 1 atom implies 1 byte, even with the best hard disks (2 Tera-byte of capacity) we would need 3,5 x 10^15 hard disks !!

Finally, if we broke these technological barriers in the future, maybe the teleportation of human beings will be possible. As Michio Kaku writes in his book "Physics of the Impossible", applying the process of quantum entanglement to larger objects like people is just a scientific "engineering problem", that is likely to be solved in time.


References:

[1] Quantum Teleportation Between Distant Matter Qubits, S. Olmschenk, D. N. Matsukevitch, P. Maunz, D. Hayes, L-M. Duan, C. Monroe. Paper available at http://www.iontrap.umd.edu and publied in SCIENCE (www.sciencemag.org) 23 january 2009 (Vol. 323).

[2] JQI News. Available in http://www.jqi.umd.edu

[3] Interview to Brian Clegg (The God Effect : Quantum Entanglement, Science’s Strangest Phenomenon) at http://calitreview.com/51

[4] Nanomedicine, by Robert A. Freitas Jr (1998). Available at http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Ch03_1.html

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January 26, 2009

All around is just vacuum fluctuations

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Recent lattice QCD (Quantum ChronoDynamics) simulations madden at the John von Neumann Institute for Computing in Jülich, Germany, confirms that most of our mass comes from virtual quarks and gluons fizzing away in the quantum vacuum. This last statement is reinforced by the fact that with this lattice QCD method, calculations on the proton mass are wrong by 2% only wrt the value measured by experiments.

According to particle physics, the atoms are made up of protons and neutrons (more than 99% of the mass of the visible universe is made up of protons and neutrons), which are themselves composed of smaller particles known as quarks, which in turn are bound by gluons. Problem is that the mass of gluons is zero and the mass of quarks accounts for only 5%. So, where is the missing 95%?

Quark and gluon structure of a nucleon
© Jean-Francois COLONNA – hhtp://www.lactamme.polytechnique.fr



Once again, theory indicates that the energy coming from interactions between quarks and gluons accounts for the excess mass (thanks to Einstein's E=mc2 equation). Gluons give the strong nuclear force necessary to maintain three quarks together to form one proton or neutron. These gluons are constantly popping into existence and disappearing again and the energy of these vacuum fluctuations has to be included in the total mass of the proton and neutron.

This strong nuclear interaction is very well known, it's described by the equations of QCD (Quantum ChronoDynamics), but there are very difficult to solve in order to obtain actual numbers. Even with the method called lattice QCD, the calculations on virtual quarks (pairs of virtual quarks and antiquarks completes the model of the quantum vacuum) involves a matrix of more than 10 000 trillions numbers and there's no computer on Earth that could store such a big matrix in its memory as told Stephan Dürr, team member of the John von Neumann Institute for Computing in Jülich, Germany. Instead of simulates a three quark proton, Dürr's team has used a two-quark proton. In order to obtains some results, a parallel computer network that can handle 200 teraflops, has been used for almost 1 year. Without the quarks, earlier simulations got the proton mass wrong by about 10%. With them, Dürr gets a figure within 2% of the value measured by experiments.

Thus, Jürr's team present a full ad initio calculation for predicting accurately the masses of protons, neutrons, and other quark based particles using lattice QCD. They suggest that QCD is the theory of the strong interaction, at low energies as well, and furthermore that lattice studies have reached the stage where all uncertainties can be fully controlled. Furthermore, this study confirms the Standard Model (thanks God!) and the fact that most of our mass comes from virtual quarks and gluons fizzing away in the quantum vacuum.

What's next? To confirm another piece of the Standard Model puzzle, that is, to confirm that the Higgs field add also a small amount of mass to individual quarks, electrons and some other particles in the form of virtual Higgs bosons. The Large Hadron Collider will search for these Higgs bosons when it starts up at the middle of 2009. If the "God particle" is not observed next months in the LHC, that will not radically change the Standard Model (it’s just a model and we can adjust it if necessary) or our vision of the Universe; but if it exists, then we could concentrate our efforts in a new vision of the matter: the supersymmetry.



References:

Ab Initio Determination of Light Hadron Masses
S. Dürr (1), Z. Fodor (1,2,3), J. Frison (4), C. Hoelbling (2,3,4), R. Hoffmann (2), S. D. Katz (2,3), S. Krieg (2), T. Kurth (2), L. Lellouch (4), T. Lippert (2,5), K. K. Szabo (2), G. Vulvert (4).

(1) John von Neumann–Institut für Computing, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Zeuthen, D-15738 Zeuthen and Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
(2) Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
(3) Institute for Theoretical Physics, Eötvös University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
(4) Centre de Physique Théorique (UMR 6207 du CNRS et des Universités d'Aix-Marseille I, d'Aix-Marseille II et du Sud Toulon-Var, affiliée à la FRUMAM), Case 907, Campus de Luminy, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.
(5) Jülich Supercomputing Centre, FZ Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2008/11/21/confirmed-scientists-understand-where-mass-comes-from/


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